Qurat-ul-ain Shoaib1,
Nasir Abbas1 
,
Muhammad Irfan2,
Amjad Hussain1,
Muhammad Sohail Arshad3,
Syed Zajif Hussain4,
Sumera Latif1,
Nadeem Irfan Bukhari1
For correspondence:- Nasir Abbas Email: nasirabbas77@gmail.com Tel:+923317724909
Accepted: 23 July 2018 Published: 31 August 2018
Citation: Shoaib Q, Abbas N, Irfan M, Hussain A, Arshad MS, Hussain SZ, et al. Development and evaluation of scaffold-based nanosponge formulation for controlled drug delivery of naproxen and ibuprofen. Trop J Pharm Res 2018; 17(8):1465-1474 doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v17i8.2
© 2018 The authors.
This is an Open Access article that uses a funding model which does not charge readers or their institutions for access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) and the Budapest Open Access Initiative (http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read), which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited..
Purpose: To develop and evaluate nanosponge (NS) based sustained release formulations of naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBU).
Method: Six formulations of each candidate drug were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method, using varying ratios of polymers, i.e., ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters including production yield, particle size, polydispersity index, actual drug content and entrapment efficiency. Morphological, structural and thermo-analytical evaluations were performed using various techniques. In vitro release studies were performed on selected formulations.
Results: Nanosponge (NS) formulations of naproxen and ibuprofen were successfully prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method. The particle size of naproxen and ibuprofen nanosponge formulations ranged from 347.6 to 1358 nm and 248.7 to 327.6 nm, respectively. Formulations with equal proportion of ethyl cellulose and drug resulted in nanosponges with the desired particle size. Production yield, actual drug content and entrapment efficiency was dependent on the ratio of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. Formulations with equal proportion showed least PDI values (0.09 for NAP and 0.07 for IBU) and highest zeta potential (-27.2 mV for NAP and -28.2 mV for IBU). Morphological, structural and thermo-analytical analysis confirmed the encapsulation of drugs in nanosponge cavities, and exhibited spherical and porous morphology. Nanosponge formulations gave a sustained release pattern, based on Higuchi model. Drug release mechanism was Fickian followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model, due probably to the porosity of the nanosponge.
Conclusion: Sustained release nanosponge formulations of naproxen and ibuprofen have successfully been prepared
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